S1 interface – A Single Interface between LTE RAN and evolved packet core The S1 interface is the interface between the LTE RAN and evolved packet core. S1 interface protocol stack is described in Figure. S1 performs the following functions: S1-UP (user plane) S1-CP (control plane) LTE S1-UP (user plane) The S1 user plane external … Read more
LTE has been designed as a completely packet-oriented multi service system, without the reliance on circuit-switched connection-oriented protocols prevalent in its predecessors. In LTE, this philosophy is applied across all the layers of the protocol stack. The route towards fast packet scheduling over the radio interface was already opened by HSDPA, which allowed the transmission … Read more
The third assumption—that the background noise is Gaussian and uncorrelated with the transmissions—is especially suspect in a cellular MIMO system. All well-designed cellular systems are by nature interference limited: If they were not, it would be possible to increase the spectral efficiency by lowering the frequency reuse or increasing the average loading per cell. In the … Read more
Here I write about Iu PS Interface in WCDMA. WCDMA Protocol Structure for Iu PS The Iu PS protocol structure is represented in below image. Again, a common ATM transport is applied for both User and Control Plane. Also the physical layer is as specified for wcdma Iu CS. WCDMA Iu PS Control Plane Protocol … Read more
Similar to any radio network, standard isolation would be required if equipment from different vendors are to be combined. Which including guard band, filtering as well as vertical/horizontal separation. In addition, indoor DAS (distributed antenna system) may contribute to interference problem particularly on the uplink due to PIM related inter-modulation, over drive of input RF … Read more
Margin sites intrusive noise levels due to an increase can be considered as If sites were spaced closer together than position using the same frequency The thermal noise floor. In other words, the system is interference limited as Opposed to limit noise. Often a site link budget maximum range is used to evaluate the process. … Read more
An RF propagation model is a mathematical formula used to characterize the radio is Wave transmitter at one end and the other end into the receiver propagation between It is usually a path RF frequency, distance, antenna heights of the terrain, Clutter and other conditions. It’s all in the exact damage to telecommunication systems is … Read more