An IGMP proxy is used in network environments to manage and optimize multicast traffic flows between different network segments or VLANs. Multicast traffic involves transmitting data packets from one source to multiple recipients simultaneously, which is efficient for applications like video streaming, online gaming, or software updates where the same content needs to be delivered … Read more
CDNs (Content Delivery Networks) can be broadly categorized into two types: public CDNs and private CDNs. Public CDNs are operated by third-party providers and are accessible to multiple users or organizations. They typically offer services on a pay-as-you-go basis and are widely used for delivering web content, streaming media, and other online services globally. The … Read more
LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) works by enabling network devices, such as switches, routers, and endpoints, to discover and exchange information about their identities, capabilities, and neighbors within a local area network (LAN). When a device supports LLDP, it periodically sends out LLDP advertisements known as “LLDPDUs” (Link Layer Discovery Protocol Data Units). These advertisements … Read more
Remote authentication refers to the process of verifying the identity of a user accessing a system or network from a remote location. It ensures that the user is who they claim to be before granting access to resources or services. Remote authentication typically involves the exchange of credentials (such as username and password) over a … Read more
DDoS, or Distributed Denial of Service, is a type of cyberattack where multiple compromised systems, often infected with malware and controlled remotely by attackers, are used to flood a target system or network with overwhelming traffic. This flood of traffic can exhaust the target’s resources such as bandwidth, processing power, or memory, leading to a … Read more
Ethernet works by using a protocol called Ethernet protocol, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 standard, to facilitate communication over a local area network (LAN). It divides data into frames, which contain source and destination addresses and error-checking information. These frames are transmitted over physical media like copper or fiber optic cables, ensuring data … Read more
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) protocol is a security standard designed to secure wireless computer networks. It provides encryption and authentication mechanisms to protect data transmitted over Wi-Fi networks from unauthorized access. WPA was developed as an improvement over the earlier WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) protocol, which had vulnerabilities that made it susceptible to attacks. Wi-Fi … Read more
TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over a computer network. It ensures the privacy and data integrity between two communicating applications, such as a web browser and a server. TLS encrypts the data exchanged, preventing eavesdropping and tampering. It also includes mechanisms for authenticating the communicating parties, often … Read more
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) itself is not tied to any specific programming language. It is a protocol used for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML. Programming languages like Python, JavaScript, Java, Ruby, and others can implement HTTP functionality through libraries or built-in modules that handle HTTP requests and responses. These languages provide APIs and tools … Read more
The SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) process involves establishing a secure connection between a client and a server. It begins with the SSL handshake, where the client and server exchange information to establish a secure communication channel. The client sends a “ClientHello” message, specifying the SSL version, cipher suites, and other settings. The server responds with … Read more