When sending the same data to multiple receivers, rather than send multiple copies all the way from sender to all the receivers, just send one copy and duplicate where paths diverge Better bandwidth utilisation Less host/router processing Receivers’ addresses may be unknown A possible thing to use for IPTV over WiMAX. Multicast Advantages Enhanced Efficiency: … Read more
Mobile IP Procedures – Agent Discovery, Registration, Tunneling in Wimax Mobile IP Procedures – Agent Discovery, Registration, Tunneling in Wimax Mobile IP Procedures Having Three Flow. Agent Discovery Registration Tunneling Agent Discovery Agent Discovery is the method by which a mobile node determines whether it is currently connected to its home network or to a … Read more
Here I write in short Advantages and disadvantages of Multicast Forwarding. Multicast Routing is backwards from Unicast Routing Unicast Routing is concerned about where the packet is going or will need to go. Multicast Routing is concerned about where the packet came from or will be coming from. Multicast Routing uses “Reverse Path Forwarding” (RPF) … Read more
If a mobile device moves to a new network and keeps the same IP address, the address will not reflect its new location therefore routers will be unable to route datagram to it correctly (or at all). Alternatively, if a mobile device moves to a new network and gets allocated a new address, already established … Read more
DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP server is configured with a range of addresses Host 3 boots up and enters Initialize state It broadcasts a DHCP Discover message Then enters Select state DHCP servers send DHCP offer message Host 3 sends a DHCP request to one of the servers Host 3 enters the Request … Read more
IP Networks use Routers to do the switching based on IP addresses, Layer 3 routing protocols like BGP or OSPF an Ethernet networks use 48 bit MAC addresses Spanning Tree is used to route because users, base stations, routers, etc will all need IP addresses (It is an IP-based system) There are Public (Internet routable) … Read more
The air interface is the radio-based communication link between the mobile station and the active base station. LTE air interface supports high data rates. LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for downlink transmission to achieve high peak data rates in high spectrum bandwidth. LTE uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for … Read more
The X2 interface is the interface between the eNodeBs. X2 interface protocol stack is described in Figure. X2 Interface performs the following functions: X2-UP (User Plane) X2-CP (Control Plane) LTE X2-UP (User Plane) The LTE X2-UP protocol tunnels end-user packets between the LTE eNodeBs. The tunneling function supports the identification of packets with the tunnels … Read more
S1 interface – A Single Interface between LTE RAN and evolved packet core The S1 interface is the interface between the LTE RAN and evolved packet core. S1 interface protocol stack is described in Figure. S1 performs the following functions: S1-UP (user plane) S1-CP (control plane) LTE S1-UP (user plane) The S1 user plane external … Read more
The control plane includes the application protocol. It also includes the signaling bearers for transporting the application protocol messages. The application protocol is used for setting up bearers in the radio network layer. For example, radio access bearers or radio links. Figure shows “Control plane protocol stack” comprises Radio Resource Control (RRC), Packet Data Convergence … Read more