Subnet masking methods primarily revolve around different techniques for configuring subnet masks to divide IP address space into smaller, manageable subnets within a network. The main methods include: Classful Subnetting: Based on the original class-based IP addressing scheme (Class A, B, and C), where subnet masks are predetermined depending on the class of the IP … Read more
NTPv3 (Network Time Protocol version 3) and NTPv4 (Network Time Protocol version 4) differ primarily in their features, improvements, and capabilities: NTPv3 was an earlier version of the Network Time Protocol, standardized in RFC 1305. It introduced the foundational concepts of time synchronization over networks, defining basic operations such as how clients query time servers … Read more
The subnet notation 255.255.255.0 represents a subnet mask in dotted-decimal format, commonly used in IPv4 networking to define the size and boundaries of a subnet. Each octet (segment separated by dots) in the subnet mask specifies eight bits, totaling 32 bits for IPv4 addresses. In this notation: The first three octets (255.255.255) are all set … Read more
File system in network security refers to the structure and organization of files and directories within a network environment, managed to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. It involves implementing access controls, encryption, auditing, and monitoring mechanisms to protect against unauthorized access and data breaches. File system refers to the method used by an … Read more
SNTP, or Simple Network Time Protocol, is a simplified version of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) designed to provide time synchronization for networked systems with reduced complexity and resource requirements. Here’s how SNTP works: SNTP operates on the client-server model, where client devices (such as computers or network devices) synchronize their clocks with a designated … Read more
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) facilitates communication within local networks by mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses. Here’s how ARP works with routers: ARP operates primarily within the local network or subnet. When a device needs to communicate with another device on the same subnet, it uses ARP to resolve the MAC address associated with the … Read more
A subnetwork, or subnet, functions as a logical subdivision of a larger network. It works by using subnet masks to divide a single Class A, B, or C network into smaller, more manageable segments. Each subnet operates as an independent network entity within the larger network infrastructure, allowing for localized control over network traffic, management, … Read more
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) operates at the link layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack and is crucial for communication within local networks. Here’s how ARP works: ARP resolves the mapping between IP addresses (logical addresses) and MAC addresses (physical addresses) used on Ethernet or other network interfaces. When a device wants to send data … Read more
Latency increases in a network due to several factors, primarily related to the time it takes for data packets to travel from their source to their destination and back. One reason for latency increase is the physical distance between devices or servers involved in communication. As the distance increases, the time it takes for data … Read more
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) provides a connectionless and unreliable transport mechanism for data transmission across IP networks. Here’s how UDP works: UDP operates at the transport layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack and is used by applications that do not require guaranteed delivery of data or strict ordering of packets. When an application wants to … Read more