Network

Port mirroring, also known as SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer), is a network monitoring technique that involves forwarding copies of network packets from one switch port (or multiple ports) to another port that is connected to a monitoring device. This allows the monitoring device to analyze the traffic passing through the mirrored ports without affecting normal … Read more

A Zero Trust network operates on the principle of not automatically trusting any user or device, whether inside or outside the network perimeter. Instead of assuming trust based on location (like being inside the corporate network), Zero Trust continuously verifies and authenticates identities and devices before granting access to resources. It achieves this by implementing … Read more

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) works by enabling routers in different autonomous systems (ASes) to exchange routing and reachability information. It operates based on a path vector algorithm, where BGP routers advertise the network paths they can reach along with attributes such as AS path, next hop information, and route preferences. BGP routers maintain a table … Read more

TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over a computer network. It succeeds and is based on the earlier SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol, aiming to enhance security, improve efficiency, and address vulnerabilities found in SSL. TLS operates at the transport layer of the OSI model, securing communication channels … Read more

VPN, or Virtual Private Network, is used to create a secure and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the internet. It enables users to securely access and transmit data between their devices and a private network, even when connecting through public or untrusted networks. VPNs are commonly used by individuals and organizations … Read more

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) in Cisco networks is a protocol designed to prevent loops in Ethernet networks by creating a loop-free logical topology. It works by selecting a root bridge (switch) among all switches in the network, based on the lowest bridge ID (combination of bridge priority and MAC address). Once the root bridge is … Read more

A VPN, or Virtual Private Network, works by creating a secure and encrypted connection, often referred to as a tunnel, between your device (such as a computer, smartphone, or tablet) and a remote server operated by the VPN service provider. This encrypted tunnel ensures that all data transmitted between your device and the VPN server … Read more

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet. IoT works by collecting data from these devices, transmitting the data to a central system, and then processing and analyzing the data to … Read more

Subnetting is the process of dividing a large IP network into smaller subnetworks, called subnets, to improve network efficiency, optimize IP address allocation, and enhance overall network performance. The process involves allocating a portion of the host bits from the original network to create smaller subnetworks, each with its own subnet mask. This enables more … Read more

Zigbee pairing works by establishing a secure connection between two Zigbee-enabled devices, such as a Zigbee sensor and a Zigbee hub or coordinator. During pairing, the devices exchange information to establish trust and encryption keys for secure communication. Typically, Zigbee devices use a process called network address assignment, where each device is assigned a unique … Read more