Network

An LDAP role refers to a specific set of permissions or capabilities assigned to a user or a group of users within an LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) directory service. Roles define what actions users can perform and what data they can access within the directory structure. Roles are typically defined based on organizational requirements … Read more

A virtual private network (VPN) works by creating a secure and encrypted connection, often referred to as a tunnel, between your device and a VPN server. When you connect to a VPN, your device encrypts all outgoing data before sending it through the tunnel to the VPN server. The server decrypts the data and forwards … Read more

NTP (Network Time Protocol) is a protocol used to synchronize the clocks of computers and network devices over a network. It ensures accurate timekeeping by allowing devices to coordinate their time settings with reference to a highly accurate time source known as an NTP server. Here’s how NTP works: Time Synchronization: NTP operates in a … Read more

ARP operates at Layer 2 (Data Link layer) of the OSI model, not Layer 3. It is responsible for resolving IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network segment. When a device on a network needs to communicate with another device using its IP address, it broadcasts an ARP request message to all devices … Read more

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a decentralized system that translates human-readable domain names (like example.com) into IP addresses (like 192.0.2.1) that computers use to identify each other on the network. This translation process is crucial for enabling users to access websites, send emails, and perform other internet activities using memorable domain names rather than … Read more

The “DORA” protocol in DHCP stands for Discover, Offer, Request, and Acknowledge. It represents the sequence of messages exchanged between a DHCP client and server during the process of obtaining an IP address and network configuration. First, the client sends a Discover message to discover available DHCP servers on the network. The server responds with … Read more

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and how web servers and browsers respond to various commands. HTTP operates over TCP/IP, typically using port 80 for unencrypted connections and port 443 for encrypted connections (HTTPS). It enables clients … Read more

SMTP, or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is a protocol used for sending email messages between servers. It operates on TCP/IP networks and is essential for the transmission of emails across the internet and within private networks. SMTP works by establishing a communication channel between the sender’s SMTP client (often an email application or server) and … Read more

Bluetooth works by enabling short-range wireless communication between devices. It uses radio waves within the 2.4 GHz frequency band to create a personal area network (PAN) where devices can communicate wirelessly without requiring a direct line of sight. Bluetooth devices establish connections automatically or through user-initiated pairing processes, allowing them to exchange data, such as … Read more

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) works by adding a label (or tag) to data packets, allowing routers to make forwarding decisions based on these labels rather than IP addresses. This label acts as a virtual circuit identifier, enabling routers to establish predetermined paths (label-switched paths, LSPs) through the network. MPLS operates between Layer 2 (Data Link … Read more