Network

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a Cisco-developed routing protocol used within autonomous systems. It efficiently calculates routes and supports both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. EIGRP uses a metric based on bandwidth and delay by default, aiming to provide efficient routing and quick convergence in networks. EIGRP is used primarily for routing within autonomous … Read more

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) uses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) as its transport layer protocol for several reasons. TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communication between BGP peers, ensuring that BGP messages are delivered accurately and in sequence. BGP relies on TCP’s mechanisms such as error detection, retransmission of lost packets, and flow control to maintain a stable … Read more

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used in computer networking to map IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network segment. Its primary function is to resolve or discover the hardware (MAC) address of a device based on its IP address. This allows devices to communicate directly on the same subnet without relying on higher-layer … Read more

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol used to facilitate the exchange of routing and reachability information between different autonomous systems (ASes) on the internet. Unlike interior gateway protocols (IGPs) that operate within a single AS, BGP operates as an interdomain routing protocol, allowing routers in different ASes to exchange routing information … Read more

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) operates at the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model. It is designed to support network-layer functions in IP networks, providing error reporting, diagnostics, and control messages. ICMP messages are encapsulated within IP packets and are used by network devices to communicate information about network conditions, errors, and status … Read more

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a protocol-agnostic routing technique designed to efficiently direct data packets along predetermined routes across a network. It is used primarily in telecommunications and internet service provider (ISP) networks to improve the speed and efficiency of data transmission. MPLS operates by assigning short labels to data packets, which are used to … Read more

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is primarily used for diagnostic and control purposes in IP networks. It allows network devices to exchange messages to report errors, provide feedback on network conditions, and manage network operations. ICMP messages are integral to network troubleshooting, facilitating tasks such as ping (Echo Request and Echo Reply), traceroute (path tracing), … Read more

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) are both transport layer protocols used for data transmission over networks, but they have distinct differences. UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets. It is commonly used for applications where low overhead and minimal delay are more … Read more

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a transport-layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite that provides a connectionless and unreliable communication mechanism. It is commonly used for applications that prioritize low-latency and real-time data transmission over reliability and error recovery mechanisms provided by TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). Three protocols that commonly use UDP include: DNS (Domain Name … Read more

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is primarily used for applications requiring reliable and ordered delivery of data streams. It was designed to address limitations in TCP for certain types of applications, such as those needing multiple streams of data, reduced latency, and resilience to network failures. SCTP is commonly used in telecommunications, voice over IP … Read more