Telecom guide: VPN, Internet Speed Test, WiFi, Broadband, Network, Proxy, and Residential IP
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol used in computer networking to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. When a device wants to communicate with another device on the same network, it needs the MAC address of the destination device. ARP allows the requesting device to broadcast an ARP request packet containing the IP address … Read more
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is a network protocol used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks by creating a loop-free logical topology. There are primarily two types of STP: STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) and RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol). STP, based on IEEE 802.1D standard, operates by electing a root bridge, determining the shortest paths to … Read more
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) headers typically consist of eight bytes. Within these headers, ICMP includes specific fields such as type, code, checksum, and additional data depending on the type of ICMP message. These headers are crucial for network diagnostics and error reporting. ICMP headers do not directly contain TCP/IP headers. ICMP operates as a … Read more
Netstat is a command-line tool available on various operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and Unix-like systems. It is used to display network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. Netstat provides valuable information such as active TCP connections, UDP ports in use, listening ports, routing table entries, and network interface statistics. This … Read more
An ICMP error message is used to report errors that occur during the transmission of IP packets. These messages are typically generated by routers or hosts in response to problems encountered while attempting to forward packets. Examples of ICMP error messages include “Destination Unreachable,” which indicates that a router cannot forward a packet to its … Read more
The netstat command is used for displaying network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships on Unix-like operating systems. It provides valuable information about active TCP connections, UDP ports in use, listening ports, routing table entries, and network interface statistics. Netstat is crucial for network troubleshooting, monitoring network performance, and diagnosing connectivity … Read more
The TCP/IP protocol suite is used for communication between devices over networks, including the internet. It provides a standardized set of rules and protocols that enable devices to establish connections, transmit data packets reliably, and ensure end-to-end communication across heterogeneous networks. TCP/IP facilitates various network functions such as addressing, routing, and error handling, making it … Read more
Traceroute vs Ping: Traceroute and Ping are both network diagnostic tools used to troubleshoot connectivity issues and gather information about network paths and latency, but they serve different purposes. Ping sends ICMP echo request packets to a target host or IP address and measures the round-trip time (RTT) for the packets to reach the destination … Read more
Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed for low-power, low-data-rate applications such as wireless sensor networks and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and uses the 2.4 GHz frequency band (in most regions) for communication. Zigbee forms a mesh network where devices can communicate directly with each other or … Read more
LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) and CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) are both protocols used for network device discovery and management, but they differ in their implementations and vendor support. LLDP is an open standard protocol defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and is vendor-neutral, making it compatible with devices from various … Read more