Network

The function of the NTP (Network Time Protocol) protocol is to synchronize the time of computer systems over a network. It ensures that all devices within a network agree on the current time, which is crucial for maintaining consistency in operations, logging events accurately, and coordinating tasks that require synchronized timing across distributed systems. NTP … Read more

LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) in Cisco networking is a vendor-neutral protocol used to discover and advertise network device capabilities and connections within a local area network (LAN). It operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and facilitates automatic discovery of neighboring network devices, including switches, routers, and access points. … Read more

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) operates as a fundamental protocol in computer networking to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses for communication within a local network. There are no different types of ARP protocols; instead, ARP itself encompasses various operations and techniques used in network communication. The four main types of ARP are ARP request, ARP … Read more

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) in CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) refers to a network protocol used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks, which can occur when there are redundant paths between switches. In CCNA studies, understanding STP is crucial as it helps network administrators ensure network stability and prevent broadcast storms that can degrade network … Read more

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol used in computer networking to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. When a device wants to communicate with another device on the same network, it needs the MAC address of the destination device. ARP allows the requesting device to broadcast an ARP request packet containing the IP address … Read more

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is a network protocol used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks by creating a loop-free logical topology. There are primarily two types of STP: STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) and RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol). STP, based on IEEE 802.1D standard, operates by electing a root bridge, determining the shortest paths to … Read more

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) headers typically consist of eight bytes. Within these headers, ICMP includes specific fields such as type, code, checksum, and additional data depending on the type of ICMP message. These headers are crucial for network diagnostics and error reporting. ICMP headers do not directly contain TCP/IP headers. ICMP operates as a … Read more

Netstat is a command-line tool available on various operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and Unix-like systems. It is used to display network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. Netstat provides valuable information such as active TCP connections, UDP ports in use, listening ports, routing table entries, and network interface statistics. This … Read more

Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed for low-power, low-data-rate applications such as wireless sensor networks and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and uses the 2.4 GHz frequency band (in most regions) for communication. Zigbee forms a mesh network where devices can communicate directly with each other or … Read more

LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) and CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) are both protocols used for network device discovery and management, but they differ in their implementations and vendor support. LLDP is an open standard protocol defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and is vendor-neutral, making it compatible with devices from various … Read more