Network

The netstat command is used for displaying network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships on Unix-like operating systems. It provides valuable information about active TCP connections, UDP ports in use, listening ports, routing table entries, and network interface statistics. Netstat is crucial for network troubleshooting, monitoring network performance, and diagnosing connectivity … Read more

The TCP/IP protocol suite is used for communication between devices over networks, including the internet. It provides a standardized set of rules and protocols that enable devices to establish connections, transmit data packets reliably, and ensure end-to-end communication across heterogeneous networks. TCP/IP facilitates various network functions such as addressing, routing, and error handling, making it … Read more

Traceroute vs Ping: Traceroute and Ping are both network diagnostic tools used to troubleshoot connectivity issues and gather information about network paths and latency, but they serve different purposes. Ping sends ICMP echo request packets to a target host or IP address and measures the round-trip time (RTT) for the packets to reach the destination … Read more

DNS (Domain Name System) and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) serve distinct but complementary roles in computer networking. DNS translates domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses, enabling devices to locate resources on the internet or within a network. DHCP, on the other hand, dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices, … Read more

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a protocol used for network management and monitoring. Its primary function is to allow network administrators to manage network devices such as routers, switches, servers, printers, and more, from a central location. SNMP enables monitoring of device performance, collection of operational data (like CPU usage or bandwidth utilization), and … Read more

Port 993 is used for secure IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) connections. IMAP allows email clients to access email messages stored on a mail server. Port 993 specifically designates IMAP over SSL/TLS (IMAPS), which encrypts the communication between the email client and the server, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during transmission. Port 993 and port … Read more

IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol version 4) is a protocol used by email clients to retrieve email messages from a mail server. It allows users to manage their email messages on the server without having to download them to their local devices permanently. IMAP4 supports functionalities such as folder management, message flagging, and synchronization of … Read more

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a protocol used by email clients to retrieve and manage email messages stored on a mail server. Unlike POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3), which typically downloads emails to a local device and removes them from the server, IMAP allows users to view, organize, and synchronize their emails across … Read more

Post Office Protocol (POP) has two main modes of operation: POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) and POP2 (Post Office Protocol version 2). POP2 was the earlier version of the protocol and is less commonly used today. It retrieves emails from a server to a client device, deleting them from the server once downloaded. POP3, … Read more

Three common mail protocols used for email communication are SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), and POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3). SMTP is responsible for sending outgoing email messages from a sender’s email client or server to the recipient’s email server. It operates on port 25 (or port 587 for … Read more