Network

LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) in Cisco networking is a vendor-neutral protocol used to discover and advertise network device capabilities and connections within a local area network (LAN). It operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and facilitates automatic discovery of neighboring network devices, including switches, routers, and access points. … Read more

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) operates as a fundamental protocol in computer networking to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses for communication within a local network. There are no different types of ARP protocols; instead, ARP itself encompasses various operations and techniques used in network communication. The four main types of ARP are ARP request, ARP … Read more

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) in CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) refers to a network protocol used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks, which can occur when there are redundant paths between switches. In CCNA studies, understanding STP is crucial as it helps network administrators ensure network stability and prevent broadcast storms that can degrade network … Read more

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol used in computer networking to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. When a device wants to communicate with another device on the same network, it needs the MAC address of the destination device. ARP allows the requesting device to broadcast an ARP request packet containing the IP address … Read more

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is a network protocol used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks by creating a loop-free logical topology. There are primarily two types of STP: STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) and RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol). STP, based on IEEE 802.1D standard, operates by electing a root bridge, determining the shortest paths to … Read more

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) headers typically consist of eight bytes. Within these headers, ICMP includes specific fields such as type, code, checksum, and additional data depending on the type of ICMP message. These headers are crucial for network diagnostics and error reporting. ICMP headers do not directly contain TCP/IP headers. ICMP operates as a … Read more

Netstat is a command-line tool available on various operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and Unix-like systems. It is used to display network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. Netstat provides valuable information such as active TCP connections, UDP ports in use, listening ports, routing table entries, and network interface statistics. This … Read more

An ICMP error message is used to report errors that occur during the transmission of IP packets. These messages are typically generated by routers or hosts in response to problems encountered while attempting to forward packets. Examples of ICMP error messages include “Destination Unreachable,” which indicates that a router cannot forward a packet to its … Read more

The netstat command is used for displaying network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships on Unix-like operating systems. It provides valuable information about active TCP connections, UDP ports in use, listening ports, routing table entries, and network interface statistics. Netstat is crucial for network troubleshooting, monitoring network performance, and diagnosing connectivity … Read more

The TCP/IP protocol suite is used for communication between devices over networks, including the internet. It provides a standardized set of rules and protocols that enable devices to establish connections, transmit data packets reliably, and ensure end-to-end communication across heterogeneous networks. TCP/IP facilitates various network functions such as addressing, routing, and error handling, making it … Read more