Network

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) does not use ports in the traditional sense like TCP and UDP protocols. Instead, it operates at a lower level in the network stack, primarily for diagnostic purposes and error reporting within IP networks. ICMP messages are encapsulated within IP packets and do not have a port number field in … Read more

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management protocol used to automate the assignment of IP addresses, subnet masks, gateway addresses, and other IP configuration parameters to devices on a network. Its primary importance lies in simplifying network administration and management by eliminating the need for manual IP configuration on each device. DHCP dynamically … Read more

VLAN traffic refers to the data packets that are transmitted within a specific VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network). VLANs logically segment a physical network into multiple virtual networks, each with its own broadcast domain. Traffic within a VLAN remains confined to that VLAN unless explicitly routed to another VLAN. Devices within the same VLAN can … Read more

The role of NIC (Network Interface Card) is to enable a computer or other device to connect to a network and communicate with other devices over that network. NICs are hardware components that interface between a computer’s internal bus (such as PCI or PCIe) and the network’s physical medium (such as Ethernet cables or wireless … Read more

WAN (Wide Area Network) is used by organizations and individuals to connect geographically dispersed locations over a large geographic area. It enables communication and data exchange between sites that could be in different cities, countries, or continents. WANs are crucial for businesses with multiple offices or remote branches that need to share resources, applications, and … Read more

The aim of NIC (Network Interface Card) is to enable computers and other devices to connect to networks, facilitating communication by transmitting and receiving data packets. NICs play a crucial role in establishing network connections, implementing network protocols, and ensuring efficient data transfer between devices within the same network or across different networks. By providing … Read more

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a communication protocol used for transmitting email messages over the internet. It is primarily responsible for sending emails from a sender’s email client or server to the recipient’s email server. SMTP operates on port 25 for non-encrypted connections and ports 465 or 587 for encrypted connections (SMTPS). The protocol … Read more

WAN (Wide Area Network) works by connecting geographically dispersed locations across a large area, such as cities, countries, or continents. It utilizes various telecommunication technologies and transmission media, including leased lines, fiber optics, satellites, and wireless connections, to establish communication links between different sites. WANs enable organizations and individuals to exchange data, access applications, and … Read more

A Service Message Block (SMB) is a protocol used for network file sharing. It enables remote access to files, printers, and other network resources over a local area network (LAN). Originally developed by IBM, SMB has evolved into one of the most widely used protocols for sharing files and resources between computers running Windows operating … Read more

The purpose of the email protocol is to define the rules and procedures for sending and receiving email messages over a network. Email protocols ensure that emails are properly formatted, routed, delivered, and accessed by users. They facilitate communication between email clients (such as Outlook, Gmail, Thunderbird) and email servers, enabling seamless transmission of messages … Read more