4G LTE

Penetration loss in LTE Penetration loss in LTE indicates the fading of radio signals from an indoor terminal to a base station due to obstruction by a building. For an indoor receiver to maintain normal communications, the signal must be sufficiently strong. The indoor receiver obtains radio signals in the following scenarios for Penetration loss: … Read more

LTE Ray Tracing Model The LTE Ray Tracing Model involves analyzing electric wave propagation by using the ray tracing method and obtaining the field strength of received signals through theoretical calculation. Some LTE network uses the higher part of the UHF band such as 2.3 GHz and 2.6 GHz. The wavelength of the radio wave … Read more

Okumura-Hata Model for LTE The Hata Model for Urban Areas, also known as the Okumura-Hata model for being a developed version of the Okumura Model, is the most widely used radio frequency propagation model for predicting the behavior of cellular propagation in built up areas. This model incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and … Read more

LTE Standard Propagation Model The standard propagation model is a model (deduced from the Hata formula) particularly suitable for predication in the 150MHz~3500MHz band over long distance (1Km<d<20Km) and is very adapted to GSM900/1800, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX and LTE technologies. This model uses the terrain profile, diffraction mechanisms (calculated in several ways) and take into … Read more

Propagation model LTE- Cost231-Hata Model Cost231-Hata model can be used in macro cells as the propagation model. The application range is as follows: Frequency band: 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz Base station height: 30 meters to 200 meters. The base station must be higher than the surrounding buildings. Terminal antenna height: 1 meter to 10 … Read more

Free Space Model for LTE Free space indicates an ideal, even, and isotropic medium of space. When electromagnetic waves are transmitted in this medium, no reflection, refraction, scattering, or absorption occurs. Propagation losses are caused only by the energy spread of electromagnetic waves. Satellite communication and microwave line-of-sight (LOS) communication are typical examples of free … Read more

LTE Link Budget and Coverage Planning Here I write on LTE RF link budget basic but important topics and criteria to remember for coverage planning for LTE. Let’s start topics. Why Link Budget Operators are rightfully focused on the service quality of a system and coverage is an important part of the service quality of … Read more

How Frequency Band Selection and Cyclic Prefix Planning for LTE It is very important when we talk about LTE Planning frequency band selection and Cyclic Prefix planning here I write basic background of it. Frequency Band Selection As many Operators worldwide possess spectrum in various frequency bands, choosing which band to use for LTE is … Read more

What to Consider for TDD Specific Frequency Planning in LTE Here I write on LTE TDD Specific Frequency Planning Considerations. What to consider and why for TDD Frequency Planning. It is very common for telecom Operators within the TDD band of LTE have a wider unpaired spectrum than the bandwidth defined maximum carrier bandwidth of … Read more

Here I write about each and every channel of LTE with its Functionality. How many channel and what its work. LTE Channel Functionality. List of channel with its work Physical channels PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel PBCH: Physical broadcast channel PMCH: Physical multicast channel PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel PCFICH: Physical control format indicator channel … Read more