Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) works by allowing email clients to access and manage emails stored on a remote mail server. When a user connects their email client to an IMAP server, the client synchronizes with the server’s mailbox, downloading headers and message bodies as needed. IMAP supports features like folder management, message flags (read/unread), … Read more
SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) works by providing a secure method for transferring files between computers over a network. It uses the SSH (Secure Shell) protocol to establish a secure connection between a client and a server. Unlike FTP (File Transfer Protocol), which is not encrypted by default, SFTP encrypts both commands and data exchanged … Read more
TCP port forwarding involves redirecting TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) traffic from one port on a router or firewall to another port on a different device or server within a private network. It enables external users to access services or applications hosted on devices behind a NAT (Network Address Translation) router, where without port forwarding, these … Read more
Network policies govern the rules and regulations that define how devices and users access and utilize a computer network. These policies typically encompass guidelines for network security, resource allocation, user access permissions, traffic management, and acceptable use. They are established to ensure efficient network operation, protect against unauthorized access or malicious activities, and maintain compliance … Read more
A routing table is a data structure used by routers to determine where to forward packets of data as they travel through a network. It contains information about various network destinations, including the associated network addresses (IP addresses) and the next hop or outgoing interface through which packets should be forwarded to reach each destination. … Read more
Netstat (network statistics) is a command-line tool available in most operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS. It provides information about network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. Netstat displays active TCP connections, listening ports, and other relevant networking information. By default, it lists all active connections to and from the … Read more
The ping command in IP (Internet Protocol) is used to test the connectivity between two networked devices, typically between a local host and a remote host. When you ping an IP address, your computer sends ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request packets to the specified IP address. If the remote device is reachable and … Read more
A Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) works by centralizing the management and control of wireless access points (APs) within a network. It acts as a centralized device that manages the configuration, security, and operation of multiple APs, ensuring seamless connectivity and efficient use of wireless resources. The WLC communicates with APs using protocols like Lightweight Access … Read more
A Wi-Fi controller, also known as a Wireless LAN Controller (WLC), works by centralizing the management and coordination of multiple wireless access points (APs) within a network. It serves as a central management device that oversees the configuration, monitoring, and maintenance of APs deployed across an organization’s wireless infrastructure. The Wi-Fi controller communicates with APs … Read more
In traceroute, the three numbers typically refer to the TTL (Time-to-Live) values used in successive ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request packets sent to trace the route to a destination. TTL is a field in the IP header that specifies the maximum number of router hops (or network segments) that a packet can traverse … Read more