IGMP, or Internet Group Management Protocol, is a communications protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers on IP networks to establish and manage multicast group memberships. It is used primarily in IPv4 networks and enables efficient delivery of data to multiple receivers without the need to send multiple copies of the same data. IGMP is … Read more
WPA3 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 3) enhances Wi-Fi security by implementing several key improvements over its predecessor, WPA2. It introduces stronger encryption protocols, such as the Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) protocol, also known as Dragonfly, which replaces the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) method used in WPA2. SAE strengthens protection against offline dictionary attacks and ensures more … Read more
EIGRP, or Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, utilizes the DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) algorithm to achieve efficient routing in computer networks. DUAL is responsible for calculating the shortest path to each destination network based on metrics like bandwidth and delay. It maintains loop-free routing by quickly reacting to network topology changes and computing alternative routes … Read more
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is a security protocol designed to secure wireless networks. It operates by encrypting data transmitted over the Wi-Fi network to prevent unauthorized access and eavesdropping. WPA2 uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm with a 128-bit key for encryption, which is considered highly secure and suitable for protecting sensitive information … Read more
OSPF areas function as logical groupings within an OSPF autonomous system (AS), allowing network administrators to segment large networks into smaller, more manageable units. Each OSPF area maintains its own link-state database (LSDB) and routing table, significantly reducing the complexity of routing computations and the size of routing updates. OSPF routers within the same area … Read more
Fiber optics operate on the principle of transmitting light through thin strands of glass or plastic fibers. These fibers are designed to carry light over long distances with minimal loss of signal strength. The core of the fiber is surrounded by a cladding layer that reflects light back into the core, enabling the light to … Read more
BGP, or Border Gateway Protocol, is the routing protocol used to exchange routing information between different autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. Here’s how BGP internet connectivity works: BGP routers, known as BGP peers or neighbors, establish TCP connections to exchange routing information. Each BGP router advertises routes to networks it can reach, along with … Read more
NFC (Near Field Communication) works by enabling short-range wireless communication between devices that are equipped with NFC chips. It operates on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and allows devices to exchange data when they are within a close proximity of a few centimeters. NFC devices can either be active (powered) or passive (unpowered). On a … Read more
Routing in MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) involves using labels to forward packets through a network based on predetermined paths rather than examining each packet’s IP header individually at every router. Here’s how routing works in MPLS: MPLS routers assign labels to packets at the ingress router based on forwarding decisions made by traditional routing protocols … Read more
SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) heartbeat mechanism works by allowing SCTP endpoints (hosts) to periodically exchange heartbeat messages to confirm the liveliness and availability of each other. These heartbeat messages are part of SCTP’s association maintenance procedures and help detect if a peer endpoint becomes unreachable due to network failures or host failures. If an … Read more