Subnetting is the process of dividing a large IP network into smaller subnetworks, called subnets, to improve network efficiency, optimize IP address allocation, and enhance overall network performance. The process involves allocating a portion of the host bits from the original network to create smaller subnetworks, each with its own subnet mask. This enables more … Read more
Zigbee pairing works by establishing a secure connection between two Zigbee-enabled devices, such as a Zigbee sensor and a Zigbee hub or coordinator. During pairing, the devices exchange information to establish trust and encryption keys for secure communication. Typically, Zigbee devices use a process called network address assignment, where each device is assigned a unique … Read more
The VoIP communication method involves converting voice signals into digital data packets and transmitting them over the internet or other IP-based networks. VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol, and it allows users to make voice calls using a broadband internet connection instead of a traditional phone line. VoIP technology uses codecs to encode and … Read more
A DNS domain server name refers to the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of a DNS server that hosts DNS records and provides domain name resolution services within a specific domain or zone. It typically consists of the server’s hostname followed by the domain name it serves, such as ns1.example.com or dns.company.net. This server name … Read more
Routing protocols facilitate the process of dynamically updating and maintaining routing tables within a network, enabling routers to determine the optimal paths for forwarding data packets. They operate by routers exchanging routing information through periodic updates or triggered events. Each router learns about the network topology and available paths by sharing information with neighboring routers, … Read more
An intrusion prevention system (IPS) works by actively monitoring network traffic in real-time to detect and block malicious activities and security threats. It analyzes incoming and outgoing packets, comparing them against a database of known attack signatures and predefined rules. When the IPS identifies a packet or stream of packets that matches a signature or … Read more
An intrusion detection system (IDS) works by monitoring network traffic or system activities for signs of unauthorized access, malicious activities, or policy violations. It analyzes incoming and outgoing packets, system logs, and other sources of information to identify suspicious patterns or anomalies that may indicate a security breach. IDS uses various detection methods, including signature-based … Read more
Traceroute finds a path to a remote host by leveraging the Time-to-Live (TTL) field in IP packets and the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request and Echo Reply messages. When a traceroute command is initiated with a destination IP address or hostname, the traceroute program starts by sending ICMP Echo Request packets to the … Read more
TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over a computer network. It succeeds and is based on the earlier SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol, aiming to enhance security, improve efficiency, and address vulnerabilities found in SSL. TLS operates at the transport layer of the OSI model, securing communication channels … Read more
Port mirroring, also known as SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer), is a network monitoring technique that involves forwarding copies of network packets from one switch port (or multiple ports) to another port that is connected to a monitoring device. This allows the monitoring device to analyze the traffic passing through the mirrored ports without affecting normal … Read more