OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) operates through several stages to establish and maintain routing within a network. These stages include: Neighbor Discovery, where routers discover OSPF neighbors using Hello packets; Router LSA Origination, where routers generate Link State Advertisements (LSAs) describing their directly connected links; LSA flooding, where LSAs are propagated throughout the OSPF domain … Read more
DNS (Domain Name System) works by translating human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses (like 192.0.2.1) that computers use to identify each other on networks. It operates as a hierarchical and distributed database system across the internet and private networks. When a user or application enters a domain name into a web browser or … Read more
The process of a payment gateway involves facilitating secure online transactions by acting as a mediator between merchants (sellers) and customers (buyers). Here’s how it typically works step by step: Initiation: The customer initiates a payment by submitting their payment details through a checkout page on the merchant’s website or app. Encryption: The payment gateway … Read more
The four steps of DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) involve the process by which a client device obtains an IP address and other network configuration parameters from a DHCP server. These steps are: 1. Discover: The client broadcasts a DHCP Discover message on the network to find available DHCP servers. 2. Offer: DHCP servers respond … Read more
The steps of an intrusion detection system (IDS) typically include data collection, data analysis, detection, alert generation, and response. Data collection involves gathering information from various sources such as network traffic, system logs, and application activities. Data analysis examines this information to identify patterns or behaviors indicative of an intrusion. Detection methods, such as signature-based … Read more
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) ensures secure communication over a computer network, typically the internet. It employs encryption to protect data integrity and privacy. Here are the steps involved: HTTPS works by establishing a secure connection between a client (e.g., a web browser) and a server (e.g., a website). The process includes the following steps: … Read more
A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a type of deep learning algorithm designed for processing structured grid data, such as images. It consists of multiple layers, including convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers, which work together to automatically and adaptively learn spatial hierarchies of features from input data. CNNs are used primarily for … Read more
HTTPS, or HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure, is a protocol used for secure communication over a computer network, typically the internet. It combines the standard HTTP with SSL/TLS encryption protocols to ensure that data exchanged between the client (such as a web browser) and the server (such as a website) remains confidential and integral. HTTPS works … Read more
The five steps of firewall protection typically include: Policy Definition: Establishing firewall rules and policies based on organizational security requirements. This involves determining what types of traffic are allowed or blocked based on criteria such as IP addresses, port numbers, protocols, and application types. Configuration: Configuring the firewall settings to enforce the defined security policies. … Read more
Ping works by sending ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request packets from one device (often a computer or network device) to another device identified by its IP address. The process involves several steps: First, the sender initiates a ping command with the destination IP address. The sender’s operating system creates an ICMP Echo Request … Read more