The Noise Figure to Noise Temperature Conversion Calculator converts a given noise figure (NF) in decibels to its equivalent noise temperature (Tn) in Kelvin. This is essential for evaluating the thermal noise contribution of amplifiers, receivers, and other RF components. Formula Tn = Tref × (10^(NF/10) − 1) Formula Explanation NF = Noise Figure in … Read more
The Cavity Resonance Frequency Conversion Calculator determines the resonant or cut-off frequency (fmnp) of a rectangular microwave cavity. It is used to analyze cavity modes that can exist within a specific geometry, which helps in designing resonators, filters, and oscillators in microwave systems. Formula fmnp = ( c / ( 2 × √(εr × μr) … Read more
The Thermal Noise Power Conversion Calculator determines the noise power generated by thermal agitation of electrons in a resistor or electronic system. This noise, also called Johnson-Nyquist noise, is fundamental and depends on temperature and bandwidth. The result helps RF and communication engineers estimate the noise floor of receivers and amplifiers. Formula Pn = 10 … Read more
The Slot Line Conversion Calculator computes the effective dielectric constant (εeff) and guide wavelength (λg) for a slot line based on the operating frequency and substrate dielectric constant. It helps engineers analyze signal propagation characteristics and design high-frequency planar circuits with accurate wavelength control. Formula εeff = (εr + 1) / 2 λg = λo … Read more
The RF Transformer Conversion Calculator determines the turns ratio between the primary and secondary windings of an RF transformer based on their respective impedances. It’s useful for impedance matching and power transfer optimization in RF circuits, transmitters, and amplifiers. Formula Np / Ns = √(Zp / Zs) Ns / Np = √(Zs / Zp) Formula … Read more
The Power Added Efficiency (PAE) Calculator determines how efficiently an RF amplifier converts DC power into additional RF output power. It’s an important figure of merit for power amplifier design and performance evaluation. Formula PAE = ((RFout – RFin) / RFDC) * 100 Units RFin = RF input power (Watts) RFout = RF output power … Read more
The Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS) Calculator estimates the smallest signal power level that a receiver can detect above the noise floor. MDS defines the sensitivity of a receiver system and depends on the noise figure, system temperature, and bandwidth. Formula MDS = 10 * log10( (k * T) / (1mW) ) + NF + 10 … Read more
The Gain Uncertainty due to Mismatch Calculator determines the minimum and maximum gain variation (Gmin and Gmax) caused by impedance mismatches in RF systems. It accounts for reflections between the source, amplifier, and load, based on their return losses and the amplifier’s gain and isolation. This tool helps RF engineers estimate the worst-case gain ripple … Read more
The Directional Coupler conversion calculator determines key performance parameters such as coupling, coupling loss, insertion loss, and directivity using measured power levels at different ports. It can accept inputs in either dBm or Watts, automatically converting them for accurate calculation. This tool is essential for RF engineers evaluating coupler performance in transmission and measurement systems. … Read more
The Differential Microstrip Impedance conversion calculator (using Zo) computes the differential impedance (Zd) of an edge-coupled microstrip pair based on the known single-ended impedance, the spacing between traces, and the dielectric height. It provides a simple way to estimate the impedance of differential pairs when the single-ended impedance is already determined. Formula Zd = 2 … Read more