WAN (Wide Area Network) works by connecting geographically dispersed locations across a large area, such as cities, countries, or continents. It utilizes various telecommunication technologies and transmission media, including leased lines, fiber optics, satellites, and wireless connections, to establish communication links between different sites. WANs enable organizations and individuals to exchange data, access applications, and … Read more
A Service Message Block (SMB) is a protocol used for network file sharing. It enables remote access to files, printers, and other network resources over a local area network (LAN). Originally developed by IBM, SMB has evolved into one of the most widely used protocols for sharing files and resources between computers running Windows operating … Read more
The purpose of the email protocol is to define the rules and procedures for sending and receiving email messages over a network. Email protocols ensure that emails are properly formatted, routed, delivered, and accessed by users. They facilitate communication between email clients (such as Outlook, Gmail, Thunderbird) and email servers, enabling seamless transmission of messages … Read more
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is used primarily to prevent loops in Ethernet networks. Loops can occur when there are redundant paths between switches or bridges in a network, potentially causing broadcast storms, network congestion, and unpredictable behavior in data transmission. STP detects and disables these redundant paths while keeping one active path for data forwarding, … Read more
APFS (Apple File System) offers several benefits that cater to modern storage needs and enhance the performance and reliability of Apple devices. One significant benefit is its optimization for flash and SSD storage, providing efficient handling of large volumes of data and fast read/write speeds. APFS supports features like copy-on-write, which minimizes the risk of … Read more
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) serves the fundamental purpose of securing communication over the internet by encrypting data exchanged between a web browser and a web server. It enhances the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data transmitted over the network. HTTPS uses cryptographic protocols such as SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) or TLS (Transport Layer Security) … Read more
The main purpose of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is to prevent and eliminate network loops in Ethernet networks. Network loops can occur when there are redundant paths between switches or bridges, which can lead to broadcast storms, network congestion, and degraded performance. STP ensures network stability by dynamically determining a loop-free topology and blocking redundant … Read more
Routed protocols serve the purpose of allowing data packets to travel across different networks by using routing protocols to determine the best path for forwarding. These protocols, such as IP (Internet Protocol) in IPv4 and IPv6, define the format of the packets and address schemes used for identifying devices and networks on a global scale. … Read more
Hierarchical Open Shortest Path First (H-OSPF) is an extension of the OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol designed to improve scalability and manage large networks more efficiently. In traditional OSPF, all routers exchange routing information directly with each other, leading to increased overhead and potential performance issues in large networks. H-OSPF addresses this by … Read more
VLAN traffic refers to the data packets that are transmitted within a specific VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network). VLANs logically segment a physical network into multiple virtual networks, each with its own broadcast domain. Traffic within a VLAN remains confined to that VLAN unless explicitly routed to another VLAN. Devices within the same VLAN can … Read more