Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique used in various communication systems to transmit data by varying the phase of a carrier signal. PSK finds applications in a wide range of systems due to its simplicity, efficiency, and ability to adapt to different communication requirements. Here’s a detailed explanation of the systems where … Read more
4-PSK (4-Phase Shift Keying) and QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) are both digital modulation techniques that involve varying the phase of a carrier signal to transmit digital data. While they share some similarities, they are not exactly the same. Let’s delve into the details of both modulation schemes and explore their similarities and differences. 1. … Read more
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a digital cellular technology that enables multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously. While CDMA was once a prevalent technology, its usage has significantly declined in recent years. The main reason for this decline is the widespread adoption of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and its … Read more
The GSCN (Global Synchronization Area Identity) is a critical parameter in 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless networks, specifically associated with the NR (New Radio) technology. It plays a significant role in the synchronization and coordination of cell identities across different cells and network nodes. Let’s delve into the detailed reasons why GSCN is required in 5G: … Read more
Precoding is a fundamental signal processing technique used in 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless networks to optimize the transmission of data between the base station (BS) or multiple antennas at the transmitter and the user equipment (UE). This technique involves manipulating the transmitted signals to enhance the communication link quality and improve overall system performance. Here’s … Read more
LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check) codes play a crucial role in 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless communication systems, particularly in the context of channel coding. LDPC codes are employed to enhance the reliability of data transmission over the air, mitigating the effects of channel noise and other impairments. Let’s delve into a detailed explanation of why LDPC is … Read more
In the context of 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless networks, XnAP, or the Xn Application Protocol, is a key element in the architecture that facilitates communication and signaling between different gNBs (gNodeBs). The XnAP protocol operates at the application layer of the network stack and is part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) specifications defining … Read more
In the context of 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless networks, xRAN, or the xRadio Access Network, represents an architectural approach that emphasizes openness, flexibility, and virtualization in the deployment of radio access network functions. xRAN aims to disaggregate and virtualize the traditionally monolithic and proprietary radio access network components, providing a more open and programmable architecture. … Read more
In the context of 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless networks, the NAS (Non-Access Stratum) is a crucial layer in the protocol stack, providing essential functionalities related to the control and management of the mobile device. NAS operates in the signaling plane and is responsible for handling non-radio access network-related procedures. Let’s delve into the details of … Read more
In a 5G (Fifth Generation) wireless system, Quality of Service (QoS) is a critical aspect that ensures the delivery of reliable and predictable performance for different types of services and applications. QoS enforcement in a 5G system involves mechanisms and procedures at various network elements to prioritize and manage the flow of data based on … Read more