What is a PN Sequence? A PN sequence, or Pseudo-Noise sequence, is a deterministic sequence of binary values (0s and 1s) that appears to be random but is generated by a specific algorithm or generator. Although it mimics the statistical properties of noise, it is entirely predictable and repeatable. PN sequences are widely used in … Read more
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are related concepts, but they are not exactly the same. Both are techniques used in communication systems to achieve multiple access, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously. Let’s explore the details of each and understand their similarities and differences. 1. … Read more
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation scheme that represents digital data by varying the phase of the carrier signal. There are different variations and types of QPSK, each with its own characteristics and applications. The primary types of QPSK include: 1. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): BPSK is the simplest form of … Read more
The IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, also known as CDMAOne, is a digital cellular technology that was the first standard to use CDMA for commercial mobile communications. The IS-95 CDMA system introduced several key features that contributed to its success and paved the way for subsequent CDMA standards. Here are four significant features … Read more
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme used in communication systems to transmit data by varying the phase of the carrier signal. There are two main types of PSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). Let’s delve into the details of each: 1. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): … Read more
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation scheme that transmits data by varying the phase of the carrier signal. There are two main types of QPSK: Offset QPSK (OQPSK) and π/4-QPSK. Let’s explore the details of each: 1. Offset QPSK (OQPSK): OQPSK is a modified version of QPSK that addresses certain issues related … Read more
TD-SCDMA, or Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access, is a mobile communication standard developed in China. It was designed as an alternative to existing 3G technologies like WCDMA and CDMA2000. TD-SCDMA employs a combination of time division and code division multiplexing techniques to facilitate communication in a wireless network. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): TD-SCDMA utilizes … Read more
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital cellular technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously. It operates based on the principle of spread spectrum communication, where each user is assigned a unique code to differentiate their signals. Here is an in-depth explanation of how a CDMA network works: Spread … Read more
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) are both digital modulation schemes used in communication systems to transmit data over radio frequency channels. While they share similarities, there are distinct differences in terms of modulation complexity and data transmission efficiency. Here’s a detailed explanation of how 16QAM differs from QPSK: 1. Basic … Read more
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation scheme used in communication systems to transmit data over radio frequency channels. Generating a QPSK signal involves modulating digital data onto a carrier wave by manipulating its phase. Here’s a detailed explanation of how to generate a QPSK signal: 1. Digital Data Input: QPSK operates by … Read more