BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol used to facilitate the exchange of routing and reachability information between different autonomous systems (ASes) on the internet. Unlike interior gateway protocols (IGPs) that operate within a single AS, BGP operates as an interdomain routing protocol, allowing routers in different ASes to exchange routing information … Read more
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) operates at the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model. It is designed to support network-layer functions in IP networks, providing error reporting, diagnostics, and control messages. ICMP messages are encapsulated within IP packets and are used by network devices to communicate information about network conditions, errors, and status … Read more
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a Cisco-developed routing protocol used within autonomous systems. It efficiently calculates routes and supports both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. EIGRP uses a metric based on bandwidth and delay by default, aiming to provide efficient routing and quick convergence in networks. EIGRP is used primarily for routing within autonomous … Read more
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a protocol-agnostic routing technique designed to efficiently direct data packets along predetermined routes across a network. It is used primarily in telecommunications and internet service provider (ISP) networks to improve the speed and efficiency of data transmission. MPLS operates by assigning short labels to data packets, which are used to … Read more
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is primarily used for diagnostic and control purposes in IP networks. It allows network devices to exchange messages to report errors, provide feedback on network conditions, and manage network operations. ICMP messages are integral to network troubleshooting, facilitating tasks such as ping (Echo Request and Echo Reply), traceroute (path tracing), … Read more
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) are both transport layer protocols used for data transmission over networks, but they have distinct differences. UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets. It is commonly used for applications where low overhead and minimal delay are more … Read more
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a transport-layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite that provides a connectionless and unreliable communication mechanism. It is commonly used for applications that prioritize low-latency and real-time data transmission over reliability and error recovery mechanisms provided by TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). Three protocols that commonly use UDP include: DNS (Domain Name … Read more
SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is primarily used for applications requiring reliable and ordered delivery of data streams. It was designed to address limitations in TCP for certain types of applications, such as those needing multiple streams of data, reduced latency, and resilience to network failures. SCTP is commonly used in telecommunications, voice over IP … Read more
Wi-Fi, short for Wireless Fidelity, is a technology that allows devices to wirelessly connect to a local area network (LAN) using radio waves. It enables wireless communication between devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets, printers, and smart home devices within a specific range of a Wi-Fi access point or router. Wi-Fi is primarily used to … Read more
SSH (Secure Shell) in TCP refers to the use of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) as the underlying transport protocol for SSH connections. TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communication between SSH client and server endpoints, ensuring that data is transmitted accurately and in sequence. SSH uses TCP to establish encrypted sessions for secure remote access, file transfer, … Read more