What is Burst in GSM and Burst Types in GSM The Below a GSM burst. It consists of several different elements. These elements are as below: This is the area in which the speech, data or control information is held. Side effects Guard Period The BTS and MS can only receive the burst and decode … Read more
Timing Advance in GSM Transmission delay is unavoidable in the radio interface. If the mobile station moves away from the base station during a call, the further distance the more delay. The uplink is as the same. If the delay is too high, the timeslots of the signal from a certain mobile station and that … Read more
How to Layer 2 Functions and Data Flow in LTE For layer 2 let us first take a look into the uplink. Data transmission is handled through the protocol stack according to the following flow: 1. Data is generated by either signaling control protocols (RRC, NAS) or by some application on the UE’s IP stack. … Read more
What is Basic behind MIMO for LTE MIMO and other transmit spatial diversity scheme is a newer application than receive diversity and has become widely implemented only in the early 2000s. As the signals sent from different transmit antennas interfere with one another, processing is required at both the transmitter and the receiver in order … Read more
BCH,CCCH and DCCH Channel of GSM BCH (Broadcast Channels) BCCH(Broadcast Control Channels) Downlink Only. Broadcast information of the serving cell (System Information). Transmitted on timeslot zero of BCCH carrier. Read only by idle mobile at least once every 30 secs. SCH (Synchronization Channels) Downlink Only Carries information for frame synchronization. Contains frame number and BSIC … Read more
How Downlink Control Information or DCI in LTE? DCI serves as a means of communication from the network infrastructure (eNodeB) to the user equipment (UE), providing essential instructions and information for efficient downlink data transmission. This information includes details about resource allocation, modulation schemes, transmission power control, and more, enabling UEs to accurately decode and … Read more
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) in LTE What is pdcp in lte: – PDCP means Packet Data Convergence Protocol means it convert data at protocol level let’s check its function at user plane and control plane in details. The main services provided by the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) are: IP header compression and decompression … Read more
Purpose of Channelization Code & Scrambling Code in WCDMA Channelization Codes in WCDMA: Channelization codes, also known as Walsh codes, serve a critical purpose in WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) networks. These codes are used for the spreading of user data over a wide frequency band, which is a fundamental principle of CDMA-based systems … Read more
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) in GSM SDCCH (Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel) Uplink and Downlink. Used for call setup, authentication, ciphering location update and SMS. SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) Downlink and Uplink. Used to transfer signal while MS have ongoing conversation on traffic or while SDCCH is being used. On the forward link, the SACCH … Read more
How Voice Signal Processing in GSM The radio channel is quite different from the wired channel. First, the radio channel has a distinct time-change characteristic. The radio channel is exposed to the air, so it is vulnerable to the interferences in the air. The signal is influenced by various interferences, multi-path fading and shadow fading, … Read more