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Spread Spectrum Concept

Dsss – Direct sequence spread spectrum DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum is a spread spectrum technology in which original data is expand using PN code randomly to reduce noise and this also provide high security to data as is scrambled data. Spread spectrum technology spread spectrum technology used in CDMA and Cdma is a … Read more

WCDMA Channelization Code

OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as channelization code Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1 horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper length are … Read more

Orthogonal Code Usage – Coding & Decoding in WCDMA

How Orthogonal Code works in WCDMA? 1.Coding By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal sequence assigned to the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is then transmitted over the physical channel along with other spread symbols. In this figure, 4-digit codes are used. The product of the user … Read more

CDMA Channel Frequencies & Calculation

The 850MHz CDMA band is most popularly used all over the world.This band as mentioned in the previous slide works between       824-849MHz Used for the Reverse link communication       869-894MHz Used for the Forward link communication The CDMA band is divided into sub bands as shown above.The Total Band of  25MHz is divided into … Read more

Correlation in WCDMA

How Correlation works in WCDMA ? Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals. Identical and Orthogonal signals: Correlation is used to measure similarity of any two arbitrary signals. It is computed by multiplying the two signals and then summing (integrating) the result over a defined time windows. The two signals of figure (a) are … Read more

UL Allocation (SC-FDMA) in LTE

SC-FDMA utilizes single carrier modulation, DFT-spread orthogonal frequency multiplexing, and frequency domain equalization. LTE uses OFDMA on the DL. It allocates DL bandwidth to the user based on resource blocks, rather than individual subcarriers. When the signal is a combination of subcarriers, high amplitude power peaks can occur. The base stations power amplifiers are designed … Read more

PN Code Generation & Masking

  PN Code Generation PN Code Generation PN codes are generated from prime polynomials using modulo 2 arithmetic. The state machines generating these codes are very simple and consist of shift registers and XOR gates .   Masking will cause the generator to produce the same sequence, but offset in time PN Offset (Masking) Masking … Read more

How Walsh Code Generate in CDMA

• Definition: Orthogonal functions have zero correlation.  Two binary sequences are orthogonal if the process of “XORing” them results in an equal number of 1’s and 0’s. Example:   0000   (XOR)  0101   ——   0101 • Generation Sequence: – Seed – Repeat: right & below – Invert: diagonally   The above table of … Read more

How Many Different Methods to Combine OFDMA for handle Multiuser System?

Threre are four Different Methods to Combine OFDMA for handle Multiuser System. Plain OFDM: Normal LTE OFDM has no built-in multiple-access mechanism. This is suitable for broadcast systems like DVB-T/H which transmit only broadcast and multicast signals and do not really need an uplink feedback channel (although such systems exist too). Packet Statistical Multiplexing: It … Read more