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LTE Layer 2 user plane protocol stack in detail

LTE Layer 2 user plane protocol stack in detail LTE user Layer 2 Protocol stack-the plan is composed of three substrates, as shown in the figure. Packet layer packet data convergence Protocol (PDCP) : this layer processes messages resource control (RRC) in the control plan and packages of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in the user’s … Read more

What is Network Identity Parameter CGI in GSM

In GSM, the Network Identity Parameter CGI (Cell Global Identity) is a code that uniquely identifies a specific cell in a mobile network. It comprises the Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC), Location Area Code (LAC), and Cell Identity (CI). The CGI helps in identifying and differentiating cells within a GSM network, facilitating … Read more

What are Interference and its source, effect and types in GSM

What are Interference and its source, effect and types in GSM Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal. Lets understand how its effect, its type and what possible source for it. Effects of Interference Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular systems. … Read more

What is Use of LAC in GSM

What is Use of LAC in GSM Location Area Code(LAC) :  To locate the location of MS, the whole area covered by each GSM PLMN is divided into different location areas. LAC is used to identify different location areas. LAI contains LAC, which is composed of two bytes. LAC adopts hexadecimal coding. The available range … Read more

GSM RF Optimization Step by Step

Here I write about GSM RF Optimization Step by Step and how to find KPI degradation and its solution. The RF network optimization process can be categorized by the following steps: Problem analysis Analyzing performance retrieved from tool reports and statistics for the worst performing BSCs and/or Sites Viewing ARQ reports for BSC/Site performance trends … Read more

LTE RAN – A link between UE and EPC in LTE Network

LTE RAN provides the physical radio link between the User Equipment (UE) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. LTE RAN comprises eNodeBs. The eNodeB contains Transmit Receive Duplex Units (TRDUs) or Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) and communicates with the UEs. The eNodeB supports Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). The LTE RAN – eNodeB provides: … Read more

Radio Link Control RLC in LTE

Here i write about Radio Link Control -RLC in LTE in a simple word. The RLC layer is located between the PDCP ( the “top” layer) layer and MAC layer (the “lower” layer). Communicates with the PDCP layer through a service access point ( SAP ) , and the MAC layer via logical channels. The … Read more

How LTE Security Implementation through encryption

Implement security through encryption (both control plane (RRC) data and user plane data) and integrity protection (for control plane (RRC) data only), it is the responsibility PDCP layer. A PDCP Data PDU counter (known as the “COUNT” into the specifications of LTE) is used as an input to algorithms security. value COUNT is incremented for … Read more

What is Principle for Frequency Planning in GSM

The actual frequency planning of certain areas is usually conducted with such areas divided into segments geographically, i.e., first divide a complex network into small networks. However, there should be some frequency carriers (when the frequency is enough) reserved at the boundary of the segments or the frequency carriers should be divided. Such boundary should … Read more

How Inter-RAT Mobility performs in LTE

Here I write on How Inter-RAT Mobility performs in LTE, means Handover to LTE and Mobility from LTE. Handover to LTE Procedure for handover of LTE is largely the same as the handover procedure in LTE. The main difference is that the handover to LTE AS a whole-configuration must be signaled, and the LTE it … Read more