LTE TCP Throughput vs Round Trip Time (RTT) In Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, the relationship between TCP throughput and Round Trip Time (RTT) is a critical factor influencing the performance of data transmission. Let’s explore the key considerations: TCP Throughput: Definition: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) throughput refers to the rate at which data can be … Read more
The radio waves are distributed in 3Hz ~ 3000GHz. This spectrum is divided into 12 bands, as shown in the above table. The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features: The lower the frequency is, the lower the propagation loss will be, the farther the coverage distance will be, and the stronger the … Read more
If the voice signal is modulated and transmitted directly after channel coding, due to the condition changes in mobile communication channel, a deep of the fading will influence a successive string of bits and cause high bit error rate. If the bits of a successive string are interfered or lost, the other end of … Read more
A transmitted signal changes as it travels to the receiver. The effect of these changes is commonly referred to as fading. The fading results from the superimposition of transmitted signals, in which differences in attenuation, delay and phase shift have occurred. Slow fading: In case shadow effect is caused by obstacles, and the receiving signal … Read more
Radio wave can be propagated from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna in many ways: perpendicular incidence wave or ground refraction wave, diffraction wave, troposphere reflection wave, ionosphere reflection wave, as shown in the diagram. As for radio wave, the most simple propagation mode between the transmitter and the receiver is free space propagation. … Read more
The Logical Channel is used in time multiplex in a physical channel, which is categorized according to the types of messages transmitted in the physical channel. Different logical channels are used in transmission of different types of information between BS and MS, such as the signaling or traffic data. In GSM system, five different types … Read more
Dsss – Direct sequence spread spectrum DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum is a spread spectrum technology in which original data is expand using PN code randomly to reduce noise and this also provide high security to data as is scrambled data. Spread spectrum technology spread spectrum technology used in CDMA and Cdma is a … Read more
The 850MHz CDMA band is most popularly used all over the world.This band as mentioned in the previous slide works between 824-849MHz Used for the Reverse link communication 869-894MHz Used for the Forward link communication The CDMA band is divided into sub bands as shown above.The Total Band of 25MHz is divided into … Read more
The QoS Class Identifier (QCI) is a scalar that is used as a reference to access node-specific parameters that control bearer level packet forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue management thresholds, link layer protocol configuration, etc.). The Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) primarily allows one to decide whether a bearer establishment request can … Read more
The uppermost evolution track shown in Figure is that developed in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which is currently the dominant standards development group for mobile radio systems and is described in more detail below. Within the 3GPP evolution track, three multiple access technologies are evident: the ‘Second Generation’ GSM/GPRS/EDGE family1 was based on … Read more