Propagation Path
Radio wave can be propagated from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna in many ways: perpendicular incidence wave or ground refraction wave, diffraction wave, troposphere reflection wave, ionosphere reflection…
Frequency Hopping
When the voice signal is transmitted after being processed and modulated, the frequency hopping technique will be used too, i.e. the transmission carrier varies constantly at different timeslots (of course,…
CDMA System Time
For both mobiles and base station in direct sequence CDMA must be synchronized. In the IS-95A system, synchronization is based on the Global Positioning Satellite system time. The CDMA system…
What is WiMAX?
WiMAX is a coined term or acronym meaning worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). What WiMAX is however at its heart is a standards initiative. Its purpose is to ensure…
Wi-Fi Systems
In addition to 3G, Wi-Fi based-systems may be used to provide broadband wireless. Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards and is primarily a local area networking…
Gigabit LTE
Gigabit LTE is an important springboard for mobile 5G data connectivity. It contains a number of building blocks for the new network. Gigabit LTE is an advanced form of LTE,…
Burst in GSM
The Logical Channel is used in time multiplex in a physical channel, which is categorized according to the types of messages transmitted in the physical channel. Different logical channels are…
Handover Process in LTE
The source eNB issues a HANDOVER REQUEST message to the target eNB passing the necessary information to prepare the HO on target side (UE X2 signaling context reference at source…
What is EPS Bearer in LTE?
Eps bearer LTE EPS is a connection-oriented transmission network and, as such, it requires the establishment of a “virtual” connection between two endpoints (e.g. a UE and a PDN-GW) This…
What is FADING, Its Type and Effect in RF design
What is Fading: – Fading is most important thing when you design any RF Design lets understand what is fading and how its effect. The communication between the base station…
Slow and Fast Frequency Hopping in GSM
Frequency hopping can be briefly defined as a sequential change of carrier frequency on the radio link between the mobile and the base station. In GSM, one carrier frequency is…
What is BSIC and its use in GSM
BSIC=NCC+BCC In GSM system, each BTS is allocated with a color code, which is called BSIC. MS can identify two cells with the same BCCH by the help of BSIC….