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What is FADING, Its Type and Effect in RF design

What is FADING, Its Type and Effect in RF design

What is Fading: –

Fading is most important thing when you design any RF Design lets understand what is fading and how its effect.

  • The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly non-LOS.
  • The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by buildings and other objects.
  • The mobile station is also moving in different directions at different speeds.
  • The RF signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the receiver through many non-LOS paths.
  • This non-LOS path causes long-term and short term fluctuations in the form of log-normal fading and rayleigh and rician fading, which degrades the performance of the RF channel.

fading effect

What is fading and its types? :-

There are three type of fading in rf wireless world, long term fading, RAYLEIGH FADING and RICEAN FADING. lets understand in details one by one

LONG TERM FADING (Fading in mcwc)

  • Terrain configuration & man made environment causes long-term fading in wireless communication.
  • Due to various shadowing and terrain effects the signal level measured on a circle around base station shows some random fluctuations around the mean value of received signal strength.
  • The long-term fades in signal strength, r, caused by the terrain configuration and man made environments form a log-normal distribution, i.e the mean received signal strength, r, varies log-normally in dB if the signal strength is measured over a distance of at least 40l.
  • Experimentally it has been determined that the standard deviation, s, of the mean received signal strength, r, lies between 8 to 12 dB  with the higher s generally found in large urban areas.

RAYLEIGH FADING (Fading in mcwc)

  • This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
  • The Rayleigh fading in wireless communication is applicable to obstructed propagation paths.
  • All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct path.
  • Signals from all paths have comparable signal strengths.
  • The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable depending on the location of the antenna in wireless communication.

RAYLEIGH FADING

RICEAN FADING (Fading in mcwc)

  • This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
  • In this case there is a partially scattered field.
  • One dominant signal.
  • Others are weaker.

 RICEAN FADING

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